Referências

Altman, Douglas G. 1991a. “Comparing Groups: Categorical Data.” In Practical Statistics for Medical Research, 244–47. London: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

———. 1991b. “Comparing Groups: Continuos Data.” In Practical Statistics for Medical Research, 194–97. London: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

———. 1991c. “One Way Analysis of Variance.” In Practical Statistics for Medical Research, 206–9. London: Chapman & Hall/CRC.

———. 1994. “The Scandal of Poor Medical Research.” Bmj. British Medical Journal Publishing Group.

———. 2005. “Why We Need Confidence Intervals.” World J. Surg 29: 554–56.

Altman, Douglas G, and J Martin Bland. 1994a. “Diagnostic Tests 2: Predictive Values.” Bmj 309 (6947). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 102.

———. 1994b. “Diagnostic Tests 3: Receiver Operating Characteristic Plots.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 309 (6948). BMJ Publishing Group: 188.

———. 1994c. “Diagnostic Tests. 1: Sensitivity and Specificity.” BMJ: British Medical Journal 308 (6943). BMJ Publishing Group: 1552.

Altman, Douglas G, and Martin J Gardner. 1988. “Statistics in Medicine: Calculating Confidence Intervals for Regression and Correlation.” British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 296 (6631). BMJ Publishing Group: 1238.

Anderson, Benjamim. 2023. “Como Interpretar Coeficientes de Regressão Logística (Com Exemplo).” https://statorials.org/pt/interpretar-coeficientes-de-regressao-logistica/.

Anunciação, Luis. 2021. “Conceitos e Análises Estatisticas Com r e Jasp.” ANOVA de Medidas Repetidas. https://bookdown.org/luisfca/docs/anova-de-medidas-repetidas.html.

Aragon, Tomas J. 2020. “Epitools: Epidemiology Tools.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=epitools.

Arango, Hector Gustavo. 2009. “Organização Dos Dados Em Tabelas.” In Bioestatística: Teórica e Computacional, 3ª edição, 32–57. Guanabara Koogan.

Armitage, Peter, Geoffrey Berry, and John Nigel Scott Matthews. 2002. “Checking the Model.” In Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Fourth Edition, 356–75. Blackwell Science.

———. 2008. Statistical Methods in Medical Research. John Wiley & Sons.

Bache, Stefan Milton, and Hadley Wickham. 2022. Magrittr: A Forward-Pipe Operator for r.

Barnier, Julien, François Briatte, and Joseph Larmarange. 2025. Questionr: Functions to Make Surveys Processing Easier. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.questionr.

Barton, Belinda, and Jennifer Peat. 2014. “Analysis of Variance.” In Medical Statistics: A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis and Critical Appraisal, Second Edition, 112–16. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Belsley, David A., Edwin Kuh, and Roy E. Welsch. 1980. Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Bender, Ralf. 2001. “Calculating Confidence Intervals for the Number Needed to Treat.” Controlled Clinical Trials 22 (2). Elsevier: 102–10.

Ben-Shachar, Mattan S, Daniel Lüdecke, and Dominique Makowski. 2020. “Effectsize: Estimation of Effect Size Indices and Standardized Parameters.” Journal of Open Source Software 5 (56): 2815.

Bland, J Martin, and Douglas G Altman. 1994. “Statistic Notes: Regression Towards the Mean.” BMJ 308 (6942). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 1499.

———. 2004. “The Logrank Test.” BMJ 328 (7447). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 1073.

Bland, Martin. 2015. In An Introduction to Mrdical Statistics, Fourth Edition, 145–47. Oxford University Press.

Blog, The Jumping Rivers. 2024. “Positron Vs Rstudio – Is It Time to Switch?” R-Bloggers. https://www.r-bloggers.com/2024/12/positron-vs-rstudio-is-it-time-to-switch/.

Borges, Leonardo Silva Roever. 2016. “Diagnostic Accuracy Measures in Cardiovascular Research.” Int J Cardiovasc Sci 29 (3): 218–22.

Bowers, David. 2008. “First Things First-the Nature of Data.” In Medical Statistics from Scratch, Second Edition, 3–13. John Wiley; Sons.

“Breve História Dos Censos.” 2014. Instituto Nacional de Estatistica. Statistics Portugal. https://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=censos_bhistoria.

Burattini, Marcelo N. 2004. “Raciocínio Médico e Inferência.” In Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina, edited by Eduardo Massad, Paulo SP Silveira, Renèe X de Menezes, and Others, 208–23. São Paulo, SP: Editora Manole.

Callegari-Jacques, Sidia M. 2003a. “Amostras.” In Bioestatistica: Principios e Aplicações, 146–47. Artmed Editora.

———. 2003b. “Distribuição Amostral Das Médias.” In Bioestatistica: Principios e Aplicações, 47–53. Artmed Editora.

Caraguel, Charles GB, and Raphael Vanderstichel. 2013. “The Two-Step Fagan’s Nomogram: Ad Hoc Interpretation of a Diagnostic Test Result Without Calculation.” BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 18 (4). Royal Society of Medicine: 125–28.

Celentano, David D, and Moyses Szklo. 2019. “Cohort Studies.” In Gordis Epidemiology, 6th Edition, 179. Elsevier.

Chang, Winston. 2021. “Cookbook for r.” Cookbook for R. http://www.cookbook-r.com.

Christensen, Erik. 2007. “Methodology of Superiority Vs. Equivalence Trials and Non-Inferiority Trials.” Journal of Hepatology 46 (5). Elsevier: 947–54.

Clark, Taane G, Michael J Bradburn, Sharon B Love, and Douglas G Altman. 2003. “Survival Analysis Part i: Basic Concepts and First Analyses.” British Journal of Cancer 89 (2). Nature Publishing Group: 232–38.

Cohen, I Bernard. 1984. “Florence Nightingale.” Scientific American 250 (3). JSTOR: 128–37.

Cohen, Jacob. 1960. “A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 20 (1). Sage Publications: 37–46.

———. 1988b. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

———. 1988a. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd Edition. Routledge.

Comtois, Dominic. 2022. “Summarytools: Tools to Quickly and Neatly Summarize Data.” CRAN R Project. https://github.com/dcomtois/summarytools.

Cook, R. D., and S. Weisberg. 1986. Residuals and Influence in Regression. Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. Chapman; Hall. https://books.google.com.br/books?id=aMDpswEACAAJ.

Coutinho, Mario. 1998. “Principios de Epidemiologia Clínica Aplicada a Cardiologia.” Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 71. SciELO Brasil: 109–16.

Cox, David R. 1958. “The Regression Analysis of Binary Sequences.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology 20 (2). Oxford University Press: 215–32.

Dag, Osman, Anil Dolgun, and Naime Meric Konar. 2018. “Onewaytests: An r Package for One-Way Tests in Independent Groups Designs.” R Journal 10 (1): 175–99.

Damasio, Bruno. 2021. “Teste Post Hoc: O Que é e Qual Utilizar?” Blog Psicometria Online. https://www.blog.psicometriaonline.com.br/o-que-e-um-teste-post-hoc/.

Damiani, Athos, Beatriz Milz, Caio Lente, and et al. 2015. “Ciência de Dados Em r.” R6 Consultoria. https://livro.curso-r.com/index.html.

Damiani, Athos, Beatriz Milz, Caio Lente, and Outros. 2022. “O Pacote Forcats.” Ciência de Dados Em R. R6 Consultoria. https://livro.curso-r.com/7-6-forcats.html#o-que-s%C3%A3o-fatores.

Daniel, Wayne W., and Chad L. Cross. 2013a. “Grouped Data: The Frequency Distribuition.” In Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, Tenth Edition, 22--23. Wiley.

———. 2013b. “The Chi-Square Distribution and Analysis of Frequencies.” In Practical Statistics for Medical Research, 604–19. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Davies, Huw Talfryn Oakley, Iain Kinloch Crombie, and Manouche Tavakoli. 1998. “When Can Odds Ratios Mislead?” BMJ 316 (7136). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 989–91.

De Winter, Joost CF, Samuel D Gosling, and Jeff Potter. 2016. “Comparing the Pearson and Spearman Correlation Coefficients Across Distributions and Sample Sizes: A Tutorial Using Simulations and Empirical Data.” Psychological Methods 21 (3). American Psychological Association: 273.

Debnath, Lokenath, and Kanadpriya Basu. 2015. “A Short History of Probability Theory and Its Applications.” International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 46 (1). Taylor & Francis: 13–39.

Deeks, Jonathan J, and Douglas G Altman. 2004. “Diagnostic Tests 4: Likelihood Ratios.” Bmj 329 (7458). British Medical Journal Publishing Group: 168–69.

DeLong, Elizabeth R, David M DeLong, and Daniel L Clarke-Pearson. 1988. “Comparing the Areas Under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach.” Biometrics 44. JSTOR: 837–45.

Dunn, Olive Jean. 1964. “Multiple Comparisons Using Rank Sums.” Technometrics 6 (3). Taylor & Francis: 241–52.

Durbin, James, and Geoffrey S Watson. 1950. “Testing for Serial Correlation in Least Squares Regression: i.” Biometrika 37 (3/4). JSTOR: 409–28.

Elander, Gunnel, and Göran Hermerén. 1995. “Placebo Effect and Randomized Clinical Trials.” Theoretical Medicine 16 (2). Springer: 171–82.

Eliasziw, Michael, and Allan Donner. 1991. “Application of the McNemar Test to Non-Independent Matched Pair Data.” Statistics in Medicine 10 (12). Wiley Online Library: 1981–91.

Ernster, Virginia L. 1994. “Nested Case-Control Studies.” Preventive Medicine 23 (5). Elsevier: 587–90.

Fagan, TJ. 1975. “Nomogram for Bayes’s Theorem.” New England Journal of Medicine 293: 257.

Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang, and Axel Buchner. 2007. “G* Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39 (2). Springer: 175–91.

Ferreira, Daniel F, and Billy P Helms. 2011. “Aproximação Normal Da Distribuição f.” Rev. Bras. Biom. 29 (2): 222–28.

Feychting, Maria, Bill Osterlund, and Anders Ahlbom. 1998. “Reduced Cancer Incidence Among the Blind.” Epidemiology 9 (5). LWW: 490–94.

Field, Andy, Jeremy Miles, and Zoë Field. 2012a. “Comparing Several Means: ANOVA (GML 1).” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 399–400. Sage Publications, Ltd.

———. 2012b. “Everithing You Ever Wanted to Know about Statistics (Well, Sort Of).” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 38. Sage Publications, Ltd.

———. 2012c. “Exploring Data with Graphs.” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 117. Sage Publications, Ltd.

———. 2012d. “Influential Cases.” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 269–71. Sage Publications, Ltd.

———. 2012e. “Logistic Regression.” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 320. Sage Publications, Ltd.

———. 2012f. “Regression.” In Discovering Statistics Using r, 266–76. Sage Publications, Ltd.

Fisher, Lloyd D., and Gerald Van Belle. 1993. “Poisson Random Variables.” In Biostatistics: A Methodology for the Health Sciences, 211–18. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Fletcher, Robert H, Suzanne W Fletcher, and Grant S Fletcher. 2014a. “Acaso.” In Epidemiologia Clínica: Elementos Essenciais, Quinta Edição, 108–9. Artmed Editora.

———. 2014b. “Prognóstico.” In Epidemiologia Clínica: Elementos Essenciais, 108–9. Artmed Editora.

———. 2014c. “Risco: Da Doença à Exposição.” In Epidemiologia Clínica: Elementos Essenciais, 88. Artmed Editora.

———. 2014d. “Tratamento.” In Epidemiologia Clínica: Elementos Essenciais, 143. Artmed Editora.

Fox, John, and Sanford Weisberg. 2019. An r Companion to Applied Regression. Third. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/.

França, A. 2023. “Regressão Logística: Pseudo R².” https://www.blog.psicometriaonline.com.br/regressao-logistica-pseudo-r2/.

GeeksforGeeks. 2025. “Case When Statement in r Dplyr Package Using Case_when() Function.” GeeksforGeeks. GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/r-language/case-when-statement-in-r-dplyr-package-using-case_when-function/.

George, Darren, and Paul Mallery. 2020. “Descriptive Statistics.” In IBM SPSS Statistics 26 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 114–20. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.

Ghasemi, Asghar, and Saleh Zahediasl. 2012. “Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians.” International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 10 (2). Brieflands: 486.

Girden, Ellen R. 1992. “Two-Factor Studies with Repeated Measures on Both Factors.” In ANOVA: Repeated Measures, 84:31–40. QASS Series. Sage.

Gohel, David, and Panagiotis Skintzos. 2025. Flextable: Functions for Tabular Reporting. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.flextable.

Gonzalez, José Carlos Soage. 2021. “Normal Distribution in r.” R CODER. https://r-coder.com/.

Greene Jr, John W, and Joseph C Touchstone. 1963. “Urinary Estriol as an Index of Placental Function. A Study of 279 Cases.” Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 18 (3). LWW: 356–59.

Grimes, David A, and Kenneth F Schulz. 2002a. “An Overview of Clinical Research: The Lay of the Land.” The Lancet 359 (9300). Elsevier: 57–61.

———. 2002b. “Cohort Studies: Marching Towards Outcomes.” The Lancet 359 (9303). Elsevier: 341–45.

———. 2002c. “Descriptive Studies: What They Can and Cannot Do.” The Lancet 359 (9301). Elsevier: 145–49.

———. 2005. “Compared to What? Finding Controls for Case-Control Studies.” The Lancet 365 (9468). Elsevier: 1429–33.

Grolemund, Garrett, and Hadley Wickham. 2011. “Dates and Times Made Easy with Lubridate.” Journal of Statistical Software 40 (3): 1–25. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/.

Gross, Michael. 1976. “Oswego County Revisited.” Public Health Reports 91 (2). SAGE Publications: 168.

Guyatt, Gordon, Roman Jaeschke, Nancy Heddle, et al. 1995. “Basic Statistics for Clinicians: 1. Hypothesis Testing.” CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 152 (1). Canadian Medical Association: 27.

Guyatt, Gordon, Drummond Rennie, et al. 2015. “Diagnostic Tests.” In User’s Guides to Medical Literature: A Manual for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice, 3rd Edition, 607–31. New York: JAMA.

Hald, Anders. 2007. “Biography of Fisher.” In A History of Parametric Statistics Inference from Bernoulli to Fisher,1713-1935, 159–63. John Wiley & Sons.

Halkin, A, J Reichman, M Schwaber, O Paltiel, and M Brezis. 1998. “Likelihood Ratios: Getting Diagnostic Testing into Perspective.” QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 91 (4): 247–58.

Halunga, Andreea G., Chris D. Orme, and Takashi Yamagata. 2017. “A Heteroskedasticity Robust Breusch–Pagan Test for Contemporaneous Correlation in Dynamic Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics 198 (2): 209–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2016.12.005.

Health Improvement, Office for, and Disparities. 2020. “Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial: Comparative Studies.” Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. UK Health improvement. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/crossover-randomised-controlled-trial-comparative-studies.

Hennekens, Charles H, Julie E Buring, et al. 1996. “Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 334 (18). Mass Medical Soc: 1145–49.

Hoaglin, David C., and Roy E. Welsch. 1978. “The Hat Matrix in Regression and ANOVA.” The American Statistician 32: 17–22. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120982185.

Holtz, Yan. 2025. “R Color Brewer’s Palettes.” – the R Graph Gallery. https://r-graph-gallery.com/38-rcolorbrewers-palettes.html.

Hope, Ryan M. 2022. Rmisc: Ryan Miscellaneous. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.Rmisc.

Hothorn, Torsten, Kurt Hornik, Mark A Van De Wiel, and Achim Zeileis. 2006. “A Lego System for Conditional Inference.” The American Statistician 60 (3). Taylor & Francis: 257–63.

Hulley, Stephen B, Steven R Cummings, Warren S Browner, Deborah G Grady, and Thomas B Newman. 2015. “Elaborando a Questão de Pesquisa e Desenvolvendo o Plano de Estudo.” In Delineando a Pesquisa Clinica, Quarta Edição, 15–24. Artmed Editora.

Huynh, Huynh, and Leonard S Feldt. 1976. “Estimation of the Box Correction for Degrees of Freedom from Sample Data in Randomized Block and Split-Plot Designs.” Journal of Educational Statistics 1 (1). Sage Publications: 69–82.

Hvitfeldt, Emil. 2024. “Use Any Color Palette with Paletteer.” The R Graph Gallery. https://r-graph-gallery.com/package/paletteer.html.

Iannone, Richard, Joe Cheng, Barret Schloerke, et al. 2020. “Gt: Easily Create Presentation-Ready Display Tables.” The R Foundation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gt.

Jain, Sandeep. 2022. “A Guide to Dnorm, Pnorm, Rnorm, and Qnorm in r.” GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/.

Joanes, DN, and CA Gill. 1998. “Comparing Measures of Sample Skewness and Kurtosis.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 47 (1): 183–89.

Kabisch, Maria, Christian Ruckes, Monika Seibert-Grafe, and Maria Blettner. 2011. “Randomized Controlled Trials: Part 17 of a Series on Evaluation of Scientific Publications.” Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 108 (39). Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH: 663.

Kanji, Gopal K. 2006. “The Kruskal–Wallis Test.” In 100 Statiscal Tests, 3rd Edition, 220. London: Sage publications.

Kannel, William B, and Daniel L McGee. 1979. “Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Framingham Study.” Circulation 59 (1). Am Heart Assoc: 8–13.

Kaplan, Edward L, and Paul Meier. 1958. “Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 53 (282). Taylor & Francis: 457–81.

Karadimitriou, Sofia Maria, and Ellen Marshall. 2020. “Kruskal-Wallis in r.” Statistics Support for Students. Loughborough; Coventry Universities. https://www.statstutor.ac.uk/.

Kassambara, Alboukadel. 2021. “Correlation Test Between Two Variables in r.” STHDA - Statistical Tools for High-Throughput Data Analysis. http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/correlation-test-between-two-variables-in-r.

———. 2022a. Rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix.

———. 2022b. “Ggpubr:’ggplot2’ Based Publication Ready Plots [r Package Ggpubr Version 0.5.0].” The Comprehensive R Archive Network. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN). https://cloud.r-project.org/web/packages/ggpubr/index.html.

Kassambara, Alboukadel, Marcin Kosinski, Przemyslaw Biecek, and Scheipl Fabian. 2021. “Survminer: Drawing Survival Curves Using Ggplot2.” URL Https://CRAN. R-Project. Org/Package= Survminer. R Package Version 0.4 9.

Kelen, Gabor D., Charles B. Brown, and James Ashton. 1988. “Statistical Reasoning in Clinical Trials: Hypothesis Testing.” Am J Emerg Med 1 (1). W.B. Saunders Company: 52–61.

Kendall, Maurice George. 1960. “Studies in the History of Probability and Statistics. Where Shall the History of Statistics Begin?” Biometrika 47 (3/4). JSTOR: 447–49.

Kim, Hae-Young. 2019. “Statistical Notes for Clinical Researchers: Simple Linear Regression 3–Residual Analysis.” Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics 44 (1). Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry.

Kirkwood, Betty R, and Jonathan AC Sterne. 2003. “Defining the Data.” In Essential Medical Statistics, Second Edition, 9–14. Blackwell Science Company.

Kohl, Matthias. 2019. “Package ‘MKmisc’.” https://github.com/stamats/MKmisc.

Kruskal, William. 1980. “The Significance of Fisher: A Review of r.a. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 75 (372). Taylor & Francis: 1019–30. doi:10.1080/01621459.1980.10477590.

Lindenau, Juliana D, and Luciano Santos Pinto Guimaraes. 2012. “Calculating the Effect Size in SPSS.” Revista HCPA 32 (3): 363–81. https://seer.ufrgs.br/hcpa.

Madi, José Mauro, Ricardo da Silva de Souza, Breno Fauth de Araujo, Petrônio Fagundes Oliveira Filho, et al. 2010. “Prevalence of Toxoplasmosis, HIV, Syphilis and Rubella in a Population of Puerperal Women Using Whatman 903 Filter Paper.” The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (1). Elsevier: 24–29.

Mark, Evan Sergeant, et al. 2022. epiR: Tools for the Analysis of Epidemiological Data. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=epiR.

Massad, Eduardo, Paulo Sérgio Panse Silveira, Renèe Xavier de Menezes, and Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega. 2004. Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina. São Paulo, SP: Editora Manole.

Matsubara, Lídia, and Luis F. C. Araujo. 2019. “Cap. 13 ANOVA de Medidas Repetidas.” https://bookdown.org/luisfca/docs/anova-de-medidas-repetidas.html; Bookdown. https://bookdown.org/luisfca/docs/anova-de-medidas-repetidas.html.

Matthews, Robert, Iain Chalmers, and Peter Rothwell. 2018. “Douglas g Altman: Statistician, Researcher, and Driving Force Behind Global Initiatives to Improve the Reliability of Health Research.” British Medical Journal Publishing Group.

McCambridge, Jim, John Witton, and Diana R Elbourne. 2014. “Systematic Review of the Hawthorne Effect: New Concepts Are Needed to Study Research Participation Effects.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (3). Elsevier: 267–77.

McCombes, Shona. 2019. “Sampling Methods.” Https://Www.scribbr.com/Methodology/Sampling-Methods/. scribbr.com Team. https://www.scribbr.com/.

Menezes, Renée Xavier de. 2004a. “Análise de Variância.” In Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina, edited by Eduardo Massad, Renée Xavier de Menezes, Paulo Sérgio Panse Silveira, and Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega, 297–300. Barueri, São Paulo: Editora Manole Ltda.

———. 2004b. “Introdução à Probabilidade.” In Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina, edited by Eduardo Massad, Renée Xavier de Menezes, Paulo Sérgio Panse Silveira, and Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega, 151–87. Barueri, São Paulo: Editora Manole Ltda.

Menezes, Renée Xavier de, and Marcelo Nascimento Burattini. 2004a. “Testes de Hipótese e Intervalos de Confiança.” In Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina, edited by Eduardo Massad, Renée Xavier de Menezes, Paulo Sérgio Panse Silveira, and Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega, 225–41. Barueri, São Paulo: Editora Manole Ltda.

———. 2004b. “Testes de Hipótese e Intervalos de Confiança.” In Métodos Quantitativos Em Medicina, edited by Eduardo Massad, Renée Xavier de Menezes, Paulo Sérgio Panse Silveira, and Neli Regina Siqueira Ortega, 225–41. Barueri, São Paulo: Editora Manole Ltda.

Meyer, David, Evgenia Dimitriadou, Kurt Hornik, Andreas Weingessel, Friedrich Leisch, Chih-Chung Chang, Chih-Chen Lin, and Maintainer David Meyer. 2019. “Package ‘E1071’.” The R Journal, 1–67.

Microsoft Copilot. 2025. “Assistente de Inteligência Artificial Utilizado Para Apoio Estatístico e Redação Técnica.” https://copilot.microsoft.com.

Montori, Victor M, and Gordon H Guyatt. 2001. “Intention-to-Treat Principle.” CMAJ 165 (10). Can Med Assoc: 1339–41.

Moore, David S. 2000. “Topics in Inferency.” In The Basic Practice of Statistics, 417. W.H. Freeman.

Motulsky, Harvey. 2010. “The Theory of Confidence Intervals.” In Intuitive Biostatistics: A Nonmathematical Guide to Statistical Thinking, Second Edition, 96–102. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Muller, Keith E, and Curtis N Barton. 1989. “Approximate Power for Repeated-Measures ANOVA Lacking Sphericity.” Journal of the American Statistical Association 84 (406). Taylor & Francis: 549–55.

Myszkowski, Nils. 2020. “Nhstplot Package.” RDocumentation. https://rdocumentation.org/packages/nhstplot/versions/1.1.0.

Navarro, Danielle. 2024. “Use of Flextable.” Notes from a Data Witch. https://blog.djnavarro.net/posts/2024-07-04_flextable/.

Newman, Thomas B, Warren S Browner, Steven R Cummings, and Stephen B Hulley. 2015. “Delineando Estudos de Caso-Controle.” In Delineando a Pesquisa Clinica, Quarta Edição, 111. Artmed Editora.

Oliveira Filho, Petronio Fagundes de. 2022a. “Natureza Dos Dados.” In Epidemiologia e Bioestatística–Fundamentos Para a Leitura Crítica, 2ª edição, 3–6. Editora Rubio.

———. 2022b. “População e Amostra.” In Epidemiologia e Bioestatística: Fundamentos Para a Leitura Crítica, Segunda Edição, 109–12. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Rubio.

———. 2022c. “Testes Diagnósticos.” In Epidemiologia e Bioestatística: Fundamentos Para a Leitura Crítica, Segunda Edição, 89–105. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Rubio.

Ooms, Jeroen. 2022. Writexl: Export Data Frames to Excel ’Xlsx’ Format. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=writexl.

Pagano, Marcello, and Kimberlee Gavreau. 2000. “The Central Limit Theorem.” In Principles of Biostatistics, Second Edition, 197–98. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury.

Pagano, Marcello, and Gauvreau Kimberly. 2000a. “Comparison of Two Means.” In Principles of Biostatistics, Second Edition, 262–72. CRC Press.

———. 2000b. “Theoretical Probability Distributions.” In Principles of Biostatistics, Second Edition, 162. CRC Press.

Peat, Jennifer, and Belinda Barton. 2014a. “Continuous Variables: Analysis of Variance.” In Medical Statistics : A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis, and Critical Appraisal, 114. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

———. 2014b. “Descriptive Statistics.” In Medical Statistics : A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis, and Critical Appraisal, 24–51. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

———. 2014c. “Survival Analyses.” In Medical Statistics : A Guide to SPSS, Data Analysis, and Critical Appraisal, 352–53. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Pediatrics, American Academy of, and American College of Obstetricians. 2006. “The Apgar Score.” Pediatrics 117 (4). American Academy of Pediatrics: 1444–47.

Peixoto, Rodrigo de Oliveira, Tarcizo Afonso Nunes, and Carlos Augusto Gomes. 2011. “Indices Diagnósticos Da Ultrassonografia Abdominal Na Apendicite Aguda: Influência Do Genero e Constituição Física, Tempo Evolutivo Da Doença e Experiencia Do Radiologista.” Revista Do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 38. SciELO Brasil: 105–11.

Pereira Lima, Amanda, Felipe José Vieira, Gabriela P.de Moraes Oliveira, et al. 2016. “Perfil Clinico-Epidemiologico Da Apendicite Aguda: Analise Retrospectiva de 638 Casos.” Revista Do Colegio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 43. SciELO Brasil: 248–53.

Physicians’ Health Study Research Group*, Steering Committee of the. 1989. “Final Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians’ Health Study.” New England Journal of Medicine 321 (3). Mass Medical Soc: 129–35.

Pinheiro, José C., and Douglas M. Bates. 2000. “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models.” In Mixed-Effects Models in s and s-PLUS, 133–99. New York, NY: Springer New York.

Posit, Software. 2025. “Frequently Asked Questions.” Positron. Posit Software, PBC. https://positron.posit.co/faqs.html.

Prabhakaran, Selva. 2016. “Missing Value Treatment.” Datascienceplus. https://datascienceplus.com/missing-value-treatment/.

Qiu, W, J Chavarro, R Lazarus, B Rosner, and J Ma. 2015. “powerSurvEpi: Power and Sample Size Calculation for Survival Analysis of Epidemiological Studies.” R Package Version 0.0 9.

R Core Team. 2022a. “The r Project for Statistical Computing | CRAN Mirrors.” Disponível em: https://cran.r-project.org/mirrors.html.

———. 2022b. “The r Project for Statistical Computing | What Is r?” Disponível em: https://www.r-project.org/about.html.

Razali, Nornadiah Mohd, Yap Bee Wah, et al. 2011. “Power Comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling Tests.” Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics 2 (1): 21–33.

Ribeiro Mendes, Fabio. 2012. “O Que é Um Trabalho Científico.” In Iniciacão Cientifica, 17–26. Autonomia Editora.

Rinker, Tyler W., and Dason Kurkiewicz. 2018. Pacman: Package Management for r. Buffalo, New York. http://github.com/trinker/pacman.

Robertson, Edmund, and John O’Connor. 2022. “Jacob (Jacques) Bernoulli.” Maths History. School of Mathematics; Statistics, University of St Andrews. https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bernoulli_Jacob/.

Robin, Xavier, Natacha Turck, Alexandre Hainard, et al. 2011. “pROC: An Open-Source Package for r and s+ to Analyze and Compare ROC Curves.” BMC Bioinformatics 12 (1): 1–8.

Rosner, Bernard. 2011. “Hypothesis Testing: Categorical Data.” In Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Seventh Edition, 377. Boston: Cengage.

Salgado-Neto, Geraldo, and Aquilea Salgado. 2011. “Sir Francis Galton e Os Extremos Superiores Da Curva Normal.” Revista de Ciências Humanas 45 (1): 223–39.

Salsburg, David. 2009. “Uma Senhora Toma Chá...” In Uma Senhora Toma Chá..., 17–23. Zahar.

Schirmer, Janine, and Outros. 2000. “Fatores de Risco Reprodutivo.” In Assistência Pré-Natal: Manual Técnico, 3a Edição, 25–26. Ministério da Saúde. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/cd04_11.pdf.

Schober, Patrick, Christa Boer, and Lothar A Schwarte. 2018. “Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation.” Anesthesia & Analgesia 126 (5). Wolters Kluwer: 1763–68.

Schuh, Claudia Maria. 2008. “Efeitos Da Exposição Ao Fumo Durante a Gestação Nas Medidas Antropométricas Dos Recém-Nascidos.” Master’s thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Schulz, Kenneth F, and David A Grimes. 2002. “Blinding in Randomised Trials: Hiding Who Got What.” The Lancet 359 (9307). Elsevier: 696–700.

Sedgwick, Philip. 2013. “Correlation Versus Linear Regression.” BMJ 346. British Medical Journal Publishing Group.

Signorell, Andri et al. 2022. DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics. https://cran.r-project.org/package=DescTools.

Singmann, Henrik, Ben Bolker, Jake Westfall, Frederik Aust, and Mattan S. Ben-Shachar. 2025. Afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments. doi:10.32614/CRAN.package.afex.

Sjoberg, Daniel D., Karissa Whiting, Michael Curry, Jessica A. Lavery, and Joseph Larmarange. 2021. “Reproducible Summary Tables with the Gtsummary Package.” The R Journal 13: 570–80. doi:10.32614/RJ-2021-053.

Stanley, Kenneth. 2007. “Design of Randomized Controlled Trials.” Circulation 115 (9). Am Heart Assoc: 1164–69.

Sternbach, George L. 2000. “The Glasgow Coma Scale.” The Journal of Emergency Medicine 19 (1). Elsevier: 67–71.

Stolley, Paul D, and Tamar Lasky. 2000a. “Lung Cancer: New Methods of Studying Disease.” In Investigating Disease Patterns, 51–79. Scientific American Library.

———. 2000b. “The Beginnings of Epidemiology.” In Investigating Disease Patterns, 23–49. Scientific American Library.

Straus, Sharon E, Paul Glasziou, et al. 2019. “Diagnosis and Screening.” In Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM, Fifth Edition, 185–218. Edinburgh: Elsevier.

Subramanian, Jyothi, and Richard Simon. 2013. “Overfitting in Prediction Models–Is It a Problem Only in High Dimensions?” Contemporary Clinical Trials 36 (2). Elsevier: 636–41.

Szklo, Moyses, and F Javier Nieto. 2019b. “Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes.” In Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, Fourth Edition, 88–94. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

———. 2019a. “Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes.” In Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, Fourth Edition, 84–102. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

———. 2019c. “Measuring Associations Between Exposures and Outcomes.” In Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, Fourth Edition, 97–98. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

———. 2019d. “Measuring Disease Occurrence.” In Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics, Fourth Edition, 80–81. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Team, Easystats. 2025. “R2 Tjur — Performance Package Reference.” https://easystats.github.io/performance/reference/r2_tjur.html.

Team, R Core. 2022. “Write.table: Data Output/CSV Files.” DataCamp. https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/utils/versions/3.6.2/topics/write.table.

Therneau, Terry et al. 2015. “A Package for Survival Analysis in r.” R Package Version 2 (7).

Therneau, Terry M. 2024. A Package for Survival Analysis in r. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival.

Tjur, Tue. 2009. “Coefficients of Determination in Logistic Regression Models—a New Proposal: The Coefficient of Discrimination.” The American Statistician 63 (4). Taylor & Francis: 366–72.

Tomczak, Maciej, and Ewa Tomczak. 2014. “The Need to Report Effect Size Estimates Revisited. An Overview of Some Recommended Measures of Effect Size.” Trends in Sport Sciences 1 (21): 19–25.

Verzani, John. 2004. Using r for Introductory Statistics. Chapman; Hall/CRC.

Viana, Kelly de Jesus, José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei, Monize Cocetti, and Sarah Warkentin. 2013. “Birth Weight in Brazilian Children Under Two Years of Age.” Cadernos de Saúde Pública 29. SciELO Brasil: 349–56.

Warnes, Gregory R., Ben Bolker, et al. 2022. “Gmodels: Various r Programming Tools for Model Fitting.” CRAN R Project. https://rdrr.io/cran/gmodels/.

Watson, Peter. 2021. “Rules of Thumb on Magnitudes of Effect Sizes.” MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit. Cambridge University. https://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/effectSize.

Whitney, Lance et al. 2020. “R Programming Language Continues to Grow in Popularity.” TechRepublic. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/r-programming-language-continues-to-grow-in-popularity.

Wickham, Hadley. 2010. “A Layered Grammar of Graphics.” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 19 (1). Taylor & Francis: 3–28.

———. 2014. “Tidy Data.” Journal of Statistical Software 59 (10): 11–23.

———. 2016. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.

Wickham, Hadley, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, Winston Chang, et al. 2019. “Welcome to the Tidyverse.” Journal of Open Source Software 4 (43): 1686.

Wickham, Hadley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, Kirill Müller, et al. 2015. “Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation.” R Package Version 0.4 3: 156.

Wickham, Hadley, and Maximilian Girlich. 2022. Tidyr: Tidy Messy Data. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tidyr.

Wickham, Hadley, and Garrett Grolemund. 2017. “15 Factors|r for Data Science.” Welcome | R for Data Science. O’Reilly. https://r4ds.had.co.nz/factors.html.

Wickham, Hadley, Danielle Navarro, and Thomas Lin Pedersen. 2023. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis (3e). http://www.new.pmean.com/ggplot2-book/.

Wikipédia. 2025. “RMS Titanic — Wikipédia, a Enciclopédia Livre.” https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=69869298.

Yap, Bee Wah, and Chiaw Hock Sim. 2011. “Comparisons of Various Types of Normality Tests.” Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 81 (12). Taylor & Francis: 2141–55.

Youden, William J. 1950. “Index for Rating Diagnostic Tests.” Cancer 3 (1). Wiley Online Library: 32–35.

Zar, Jerrold H. 2014a. “Nonparametric Analysis of Variance.” In Biostatistical Analysis, 226–30. Edinburgh: Pearson.

———. 2014b. “Paired-Sample Hypotheses.” In Biostatistical Analysis, 189–98. Edinburgh: Pearson.

———. 2014c. “Populations and Samples.” In Biostatistical Analysis, 18–22. Edinburgh: Pearson.

Zeileis, Achim, David Meyer, and Kurt Hornik. 2007. “Residual-Based Shadings for Visualizing (Conditional) Independence.” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 16 (3). Taylor & Francis: 507–25.

Zimmerman, Donald W. 2004. “A Note on Preliminary Tests of Equality of Variances.” Br J Math Stat Psychol 57 (1). Wiley Online Library: 173–81.

Zuur, Alain F, Elena N Ieno, and Erik HWG Meesters. 2009. “Getting Data into r.” In A Beginner’s Guide to r, 29–56. Springer.